​Initially it may still be a little painful, taking paracetamol is helpful. Make sure you drink plenty of water with the pain medication to help protect your liver and kidneys.  
During the time of wearing a cast, it is not advisable to drive. There are many activities of daily life which will be more difficult and it's best to accept it is simply this way for a while. Depending on your work you may be able to work part time.  Remember that things will take longer to do and be more tricky (and sometimes impossible to achieve!) - be patient and ask for help.
To shower, it is important the cast be kept dry at all times so a plastic bag can be taped to the skin with medical tape. Then aim to keep the arm up above your shoulder level. Washing every area of your body can be tricky so just do your best or get some help!
Sometimes your plaster cast be changed for a lighter fibroglass cast after about three weeks if your bone healing is going well. It's worth asking your orthopaedic specialist about this as it is less strain on your neck and shoulder.

​Dr Melanie Young
B.A., BSc.(Clin Sc.) B.Osteo Sc. MONZ
Reg Osteopath
​Director City Osteopaths
Wellington
​New Zealand

​Phone 04 4991439

http://www.cityosteopaths.co.nz

Research has shown that patients with PTSD using mind-body therapies reported positive effects on their PTSD symptoms, including therapeutic effects on stress responses; reductions in anxiety, depression, and anger; an increase in pain tolerance; improved self-esteem; and an enhanced ability to relax and to cope with stressful situations (9). 
 
Mind-body therapies such as osteopathic treatment of the muscles, ligaments and peripheral nervous system work by stimulation of somatic, visceral, and/or chemosensory receptors, influencing central neural processing and mental processes via ascending pathways from the periphery to the cerebral cortex, resulting in increased heart rate variability and reduced expression of cytokines (10). This effectively reduces the symptoms of PTSD which cause distress to the individual.
 

References:

(1) Effectiveness of an osteopathic treatment on the autonomic nervous system: a systematic review of the literature
(2) Berthoud HR, Neuhuber WL. Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system. Auton Neurosci. 2000;85(1-3):1-17. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
 
(3) Campbell SM. Winkelmann R. Walkowski S. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment
Novel Application to Dermatological Disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486778/
 
(4) Collard K. Preliminary prediction models for autonomic nervous system response to a cranial osteopathic technique https://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/1387/Kim%20Collard%20MOst.pdf;jsessionid=9EED965260A4FFEAFEF818BF863166E6?sequence=1
 
(5) Dowling DJ, Scariati PD. General Physiologic Considerations. In: DiGiovanna EL, Schiowitz S, Dowling DJ, eds. An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2005:38-52.
 
(6) Van der Kolk BA. Clinical implications of neuroscience research in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1071(1):277-293. doi: 10.1196/annals.1364.022 [CrossRef]
 
(7) Foreman RD, Qin C, Jou CJ. Spinothalamic system and viscerosomatic motor reflexes: functional organization of cardiac and somatic input. In: King HH, Jänig W, Patterson MM, eds. The Science and Clinical Application of Manual Therapy. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2011:11-127.
 
(8) Klarer M, Arnold M, Günther L, Winter C, Langhans W, Meyer U. Gut vagal afferents differentially modulate innate anxiety and learned fear. J Neurosci. 2014;34(21):7067-7076. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0252-14.2014 [CrossRef] [PubMed]
 
(9) Kim SH, Schneider SM, Kravitz L, Mermier C, Burge MR. Mind-body practices for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Investig Med. 2013;61(5):827-834. doi: 10.2310/JIM.0b013e3182906862 [CrossRef] [PubMed]
 
(10) Taylor AG, Goehler LE, Galper DI, Innes KE, Bourguignon C. Top-down and bottom-up mechanisms in mind-body medicine: development of an integrative framework for psychophysiological research. Explore (NY. ). 2010;6(1):29-41. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2009.10.004 [CrossRef] [PubMed]
 
​

​Melanie Young
B.A., BSc.(Clin Sc.) B.Osteo Sc. MONZ
Reg Osteopath
​Director City Osteopaths
Wellington
​New Zealand

​Phone 04 4991439

http://www.cityosteopaths.co.nz

How do we know the baby has a headache?  

Experienced paediatric osteopaths palpate thousands of heads each year, in all ages. We observe the child who is four years old and able to point to an area of their head and say it hurts, the two year old who may be able to put a hand on their forehead and give a tired look. This gives us clues as to what a headache feels like to palpate (= sensitive listening touch) with our trained hands, in a non-verbal baby or child. Using our hands very gently we are able to palpate the strains in the membranes that surround the bones of the head in all ages and diagnose and very gently treat those strains, utilising the body’s self healing mechanism.

Without gentle osteopathic care, what is the baby with a headache going to do? They will want to suck more often as pressure on the hard palate, the roof of their mouth, can help (via the vertical vomer bone), to relieve the tightness in the membranes around the sphenoid bone, which sits across the front of the head, right behind the eyes.

If this situation of a sore head and excess sucking is combined with a mum with lots of milk, the baby may get so much milk that they will start vomiting up the excess. They want to suck to get pain relief, but don’t actually need extra milk. Then the use of a finger, turned upwards so the soft pad is available for the roof of the baby's mouth, will certainly help. Of course, parents do need a rest or to be hands free from the baby at times, so they can eat or have a shower. This is when the soother can be a helpful tool.

Research shows that babies under the age of 4-6 months are not able to be sleep trained, their nervous system is not able to form the memories required, so in the early months, I recommend parents do whatever they can to help their new baby’s nervous system be calm and happy. Babies need cuddles, milk and sleep, lots of it. You may have heard of the ‘fourth trimester’ - the stage where your baby would still be in your uterus if they could be, however they would be getting too big for the mum to move around or to birth. So instead, as parents you need to provide the snuggles, jiggles, warmth and a variety of white noises just like they would have had in your uterus, so your baby can be really relaxed and get enough sleep. ​

Newborns generally need to sleep 16-20 hours in a 24 hour period. 

This fourth trimester is also where the soother can come in for some babies. If they seem happier and it helps them stop spilling milk, you can use the soother without any feelings of guilt. It won't affect their dentition at this age, they won't be a toddler with a soother in their mouth all day long, as you can get rid of the soother around the 4-6 months period. Each baby is individual in this regard and you will hopefully get an indication that they don’t need the soother as much - they may start to refuse it, they may spit it out at night and then want you to find it and put it back in. That would be a good time to remove it altogether. As your baby grows bigger and their digestive system develops, they will manage any excess milk better and will be able to learn to soothe themselves for their sleep.

I will also mention that sometimes paediatric osteopaths see toddlers or preschoolers who really want and need the soother due to tightness or pain in their head. I have heard mothers say they feel very guilty about letting the child have the soother at this older age, so they take the soother away, or only allow it in the cot or bed. However, if that young child actually needs the soother to help their head feel better, then it’s kind and necessary to let them have it as a temporary measure. Once a paediatric osteopath gently treats the toddler a few times and the strains in their head ease, they will no longer get the headaches, nor need the soother. The child is able to grow without head pain, their dentition can be helped back to normal, there is no more stigma of having a soother as an older child and everyone is happier.

References:
1) Breastfeeding Patterns in Relation to Thumb Sucking and Pacifier UseClara Aarts, Agneta Hörnell, Elisabeth Kylberg, Yngve Hofvander and Mehari Gebre-Medhin
Pediatrics October 1999, 104 (4) e50; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.104.4.e50
2) The relatively short duration that a child retains a pacifier in the mouth during sleep: SIDS implications
Weiss, Peter P W; Kerbl, Reinhold.European Journal of Pediatrics; Berlin Vol. 160, Iss. 1,  (Jan 2001): 60. DOI:10.1007/s004310000638
3) Recommendations for the use of pacifiers 
M Ponti, Canadian Paediatric Society, Community Paediatrics Committee
Paediatrics & Child Health, Volume 8, Issue 8, October 2003, Pages 515–519, https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/8.8.515

​Melanie Young
B.A., BSc.(Clin Sc.) B.Osteo Sc. MONZ
Reg Osteopath
​Director City Osteopaths
Wellington
​New Zealand

​Phone 04 4991439

http://www.cityosteopaths.co.nz

Time-restricted eating (TRE)

Under TRE everything you eat in a day (including any snacks) should be confined to a specific, more or less consistent, interval followed by a period of fasting of at least 12 hours. Water is fine to drink at any time, however, beverages like black coffee or tea can reset our clocks so if used, should ideally be consumed within your chosen time window. The issue of caffeine is a complicated one with many factors to consider and researchers don't have all the answers. But for circadian eating it is recommended to consider caffeine consumption as breaking the fast. Being a stimulant that takes a long time to be cleared out of the system (it has a quarter life of 12 hours, meaning a quarter of the cup you drank in the morning is still in your system in 12 hours), it's also not going to help healthy sleep. As we get older, we also become more sensitive to caffeine and its sleep disrupting effects, as we take longer to process and clear it out of our system. It is worth noting that polyphenols even in decaffeinated coffee have been shown to enhance autophagy (the self-recycling process in our cells) so you should not necessarily give it up altogether. But the timing of intake is crucial so if used, caffeine is best reserved for the morning.

Allowing at least 12 hours of not eating seems to be the absolute minimum for the body to recover and repair. As mentioned above, people with metabolic syndrome can benefit from shrinking their eating window further to 10 hours a day. Dr Panda's data suggests that for weight loss, eating within 8-9 hours is beneficial, whereas eating within 11-12 hours is best for weight maintenance.

While a defined consistent eating window is clearly more beneficial than eating for over 12 hours a day, eating earlier in the day has even more health benefits. It is more in alignment with our circadian rhythm especially in some metabolic processes. Eating earlier in the day improves blood sugar control while eating late worsens glucose tolerance. It is recommended to leave at least 2-3 hours between the last bite and bedtime. One of the reasons for that is because the evening rise of melatonin (normally 2-4 hours before your habitual bedtime) reduces the pancreas secretion of insulin. So eating late in the day will produce a longer blood sugar spike and some might even be diagnosed as prediabetic if tested. Late eating and also eating most of the calories later in the day slows down weight loss efforts and leads to a more modest weight loss.

Eating late can contribute to acid reflux so if you suffer from this uncomfortable condition, shifting your last bite to an ealier time could have another positive consequence. A great number of people are taking medications to suppress acid production, often for years, as when they try to come off them, their symptoms return, sometimes with a vengeance. Long-term use of these medications is not without downsides. TRE on the other hand could offer a chemical-free solution.
​
Starting TRE can seem daunting and it's almost certain that making drastic changes in your eating window is not going to work, or be easy at the very least. Stopping evening snacks or starting with 12 hours to allow the necessary hormonal changes (for example, regulating hunger and satiety) to happen may be a better approach. Most people would do just fine on a 10-12 hour eating window without needing to narrow it down further but those needing to lose extra weight or who are prediabetic, may want to experiment with a shorter window e.g. 8 hrs. More research is needed for those taking medication (especially for diabetes). While it can be a useful adjunct to treatment, doing it under a doctor's supervision with regular bloodwork is needed to do it in a safe manner for these people.

Giving yourself the recommended minimum 8 hour sleep opportunity (i.e. time spent in bed) will hopefully allow you to get at least 7 hours of sleep that we need to function well. Getting enough sleep helps balance ghrelin and leptin, the hormones of hunger and satiety, making it easier to not need to eat all day. TRE itself has a positive effect on sleep so it works both ways.

TRE is a lifestyle, not a diet. Dr Panda compares it to brushing and flossing your teeth – a daily habit that keeps your teeth healthy, whereas longer fasts of e.g. 2 and more days are like a deeper clean by a dental hygienist. There are certainly those for whom these longer fasts are contraindicated but TRE can be practised indefinitely by most healthy people.


This post was inspired by the work of Dr Satchin Panda, one of the leading circadian biology researchers and the author of The Circadian Code, and Dr Matthew Walker, professor of neuroscience, the sleep diplomat and the author of Why We Sleep. I encourage everybody reading this to look into their work for more insights and inspiration to change your lifestyle and take your health into your own hands. Both have spoken extensively on their respective areas of research in various interviews and talks and their books are a wealth of eye-opening information and practical suggestions.

References:

Panda S. 2018 The Cricadian Code, Lose Weight, Supercharge Your Energy and Sleep Well Every Night, Ebury Publishing, London

Walker M. 2017 Why We Sleep: The New Science of Sleep and Dreams, Penguin Books, London

Wilkinson MJ, Manoogian ENC, Zadourian A, Navlakha S, Panda S, Taub PR. Ten-hour time-restricted eating reduces weight, blood pressure and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome. Cell Metabolism, 2020, 31(1): 92-104
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31813824

Marinac CR, Nelson SH, Breen CI, et al. Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Prognosis JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(8):1049–1055.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4982776/

Jamshed H, Beyl RA, Della Manna DL, Yang ES, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans. Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1234.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627766/

Poggiogalle E, Jamshed H, Peterson CM. Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Metabolism. 2018;84:11–27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5995632/

T​iming is everything. The vast majority of what is happening in living cells and organisms is not random or haphazard but undergoes specific fluctuations throughout the day or 24 hours. Genes switching on and off, hormone secretion, metabolism, cell and DNA repair, blood clotting, immune function, digestion, physical performance, mood and mental acuity etc. – everything is governed by the circadian rhythm. It is aligned with the light and dark cycle that our planet experiences every 24 hours or so. Having a strong, healthy circadian rhythm is undoubtedly associated with health and longevity, as we are beginning to realise. Unfortunately, industrialisation has led to a profound disruption of the normal circadian rhythm which has been linked to many chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, dementia and certain cancers. In fact, shift work is now recognised by the WHO as a probable carcinogen. Quite possibly, all this has to do with the effects of a disrupted circadian rhythm on sleep, the fundamental pillar of health on which the other two pillars (nutrition and exercise) rest. Circadian biology is asking more and more questions and future research will even explore ways to “drug the clock” which will be helpful for the sizable proportion of shift workers in the society. However, if you are not a shift worker, you are likely to sabotage your circadian rhythm every day, often without realising it. Nevertheless, for most people restoring balance may be easier than we think.
 
​But first it might help to understand how it all works. There are "clocks" in every cell and every organ. The master clock called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN, is located in the brain. This tiny structure sits in the hypothalamus which happens to be the link between the nervous and the endocrine system and oversees many physiological functions.
 
The clock is running all the time. Even in the absence of external cues from the environment every process in our body would continue to ebb and flow in a diurnal pattern with precision (and in fact, a 2017 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three scientists who figured out the molecular basis of that). But there are certain environmental signals that reset our circadian rhythm. The two main ones are light and food. Both used to be reliable indicators of whether it was day or night. Not anymore, which is probably why circadian rhythm disruption is so prevalent.
 
We will look at each of these signals in more detail, including how to use them to reset and sync up our clocks, focusing on light first. We will cover food in the next post. But before moving on, it is very important to realise that sticking to a routine, both daily and weekly, is key. Waking up and going to bed at the same time during the week and at the weekend, eating within a consistent time window are quite naturally fundamental to the success of addressing a circadian rhythm disruption. Sleeping in at the weekend can be tempting if you are chronically sleep-deprived but that just exacerbates instead of addressing the problem (which could be avoiding accumulating a sleep debt by getting enough sleep every day). It destabilises the circadian clock in the same way as jet lag and for every hour (or time zone) that our rhythm shifts we need a day to adjust. Now imagine doing it every week for months or years... Could it be that chronic disease and accelerated aging is just the accumulated damage of this constant tug of war?
 
Light and the master clock
 
The master clock receives information about light from a relatively small number of cells in our eyes and determines whether it's day or night. These cells are scattered among standard rods and cons in the retina, and what sets them apart is that they have a light-sensing protein, melanopsin, that is activated by blue light. Melanopsin was discovered about 20 years ago by a few labs around the same time, including the lab of Dr Satchin Panda, whose work on uncovering the significance of melanopsin in relation to our circadian clock has forever changed the way we look at how light (and lighting) affects us.
 
Melanopsin is quite peculiar in that it is not a very good light sensor - it takes a lot of bright light to activate it. But it can potentially integrate even dim light over time making it a bad idea to spend long periods of time after sunset even in a dimly lit environment or look at even dim light sources. It is also possible that light of other wavelengths can activate these melanopsin-containing cells normally tuned to blue light, as all retinal cells are interconnected. So while blue light is particularly detrimental to a healthy and timely melatonin release (and melatonin is necessary to make us sleepy), too much any light in the evening is going to suppress it, therefore prolonging wakefulness and depriving us of good quality sleep.​

​Using light to restore a healthy circadian rhythm
 
Most of our day is usually spent indoors where it is not bright enough during the day. On the other hand, our evenings are brighter than they were even meant to be. This inversion of light exposure throughout the day is unnatural and is important to address to restore the normal circadian rhythm.
 
Bright natural light in the morning
 
Expose your eyes to bright daylight in the first half of the day, starting as early after waking as you can. This might be a short walk outside (with no sunglasses), sitting in the garden, on a porch or balcony or even just next to a large window with sunlight streaming in. Apparently even on a cloudy day there is enough blue light and brightness to stimulate our eyes and to reset our clock, although sunnier days do make it easier so it is a good idea to make the most of sunny mornings. If you are curious about actual brightness levels, you can turn your phone into a meter with a free app called MyLuxRecorder. The average person needs upwards of 1000 lux for at least 30 minutes a day to reduce sleepiness, increase alertness and boost mood (on a side note, to treat depression or seasonal affective disorder at least 10000 lux for 15-60 mins a day is necessary). But even a shorter exposure (10-15 mins) is still beneficial and doing it early in the morning is vital for a robust circadian rhythm. To be fully activated, melanopsin needs at least a few minutes of bright light. Dr Panda recommends having breakfast by a big window (although you have to be quite close to flood your eyes with enough light of sufficient brightness) and not wearing sunglasses on your morning commute, of course avoiding looking directly at the sun.
 
A note for older adults: our circadian rhythm changes throughout life and in our later years everything shifts to earlier in the day. So over time we tend to wake up earlier and feel sleepier earlier in the evening. To help mitigate this, Dr Matthew Walker, professor of neuroscience and a sleep researcher, suggests wearing sunglasses in the morning during any outdoor activity but then going back outside in the late afternoon, this time without sunglasses, and get plenty of sunlight exposure, thereby shifting the resetting of the clock to a later time. It may help counteract early evening sleepiness which often causes older people to nap in the evening and in turn makes it harder for them to fall asleep when they do eventually go to bed.
 
Less light in the evening
 
This applies to both digital screens and indoor lighting. Ideally you would want to avoid screens for 2-3 hours before bedtime. Most would agree that staring at a bright light source inches away from our eyes in the evening will never be natural. But it may be the hardest thing for a lot of people to give up initially, or some of us have to work late. The good news is that it may still be possible to make changes that will support rather than disrupt our circadian rhythm. However, it should be noted that all these workarounds should not be considered as full protection against harmful effects of evening light exposure on our circadian clock and sleep. In a study that looked at the effects of reading on an iPad during 4 hours before bedtime compared to reading a book, e-book readers were less sleepy at night and took longer to fall asleep but were sleepier in the morning and took longer to feel fully awake the next day. Their melatonin levels were found to be lower and peaked later. Their REM sleep amount was also significantly decreased. All this reinforces advice on reducing screen time in the evening as much as possible due to its devastating effects on sleep quality. Dr Walker recommends avoiding all screens at least in the last hour before bed.
 
So what can we do to mitigate some of the unhealthy aspects of light in the evening?
 
The night shift or mode on smartphones, tablets or computers is now a standard feature (in recognition of the importance of a normal circadian rhythm). You can take it a step further with software that desaturates the screen even more, such as f.lux or Iris.
 
Brightness is an important factor to consider. There is a way to reduce your screen brightness even below minimum, by either tweaking the Zoom feature in the Accessibility menu on iOS devices (YouTube has some good tutorials on that) or using third-party apps or software for Android or Windows.
 
A different way to approach the issue of digital screens we use in such proximity to our eyes (which is another cause for concern) is to use blue light blocking glasses. These have been shown to help avoid significant melatonin suppression by evening light exposure. There are models that block almost 100% blue light and would be ideal for any unavoidable screen time in the evening.
 
When it comes to ambient lighting in the evening, blue light blocking glasses can help too, but simply switching off half the lights and only using what is absolutely necessary to safely navigate around is a huge step towards reducing  mistimed light exposure. Using dim orange lights as opposed to bright white LED lights is a lot more conducive to a timely release of enough melatonin to support sleep. Dim lights can also help you wind down before bed and feel sleepy. Smart lighting systems that are programmed to change throughout the day to mimic sunlight in both wavelength composition and brightness is one way to go about this. Alternatively, there are special light bulbs that emit no blue light and give off yellow/orange light that are perfect for evening lighting and those that are devoid of both blue and green light (these are essentially red lights) and are great to use as night lights if you have to get up in the night. Just like with digital screens, brightness matters: while most indoor lighting is not bright enough to keep us alert and happy over the long term (we need at least 1000 lux for a minimum of 30 mins during the day), it is way too bright for the evening and affects melatonin release and peak levels, keeping us awake. For the best chance of a healthy sleep it is recommended to keep the brightness level to less than 20 lux for 2-3 hours before bed, the lower the better. Using MyLuxRecorder to check the brightness levels where you spend the last few hours of your day can be quite revealing. Dr Panda also recommends using task lighting e.g. with a table lamp instead of overhead lights as another way to reduce your evening light exposure. However, it's worth noting that a mere 8-10 lux has been shown to significantly delay melatonin release. It's about time we reclaim our “right to darkness” in the evening (and to natural daylight during the day).

Restoring a healthy circadian rhythm might take time. Some of the ideas presented here might be more difficult to implement than others but the effort will be worth it. Dr Satchin Panda has put forth the circadian theory of health placing circadian rhythm disruption at the heart of the current wide spread of chronic disease. Everyday habits we don’t think much about do affect our health and longevity. I hope you will be inspired to find out for yourself how little tweaks in the right places can lead to great changes.

References:
 
Panda S. 2018 The Cricadian Code, Lose Weight, Supercharge Your Energy and Sleep Well Every Night, Ebury Publishing, London
 
Walker M. 2017 Why We Sleep: The New Science of Sleep and Dreams, Penguin Books, London
 
Kwoon Y. Wong, Michael P. Flannery, Andrew M. Lynch, Bright H. Kim; Prolonged Light Stimulation of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) Reveals Novel Properties of Melanopsin Phototransduction. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2011; 52(14): 5286.  
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2357898
 
Gooley JJ, Chamberlain K, Smith KA, Khalsa SB, Rajaratnam SM, Van Reen E, Zeitzer JM, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96(3):E463–E472. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047226/

Chang AM, Aeschbach D, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA. Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 112(4):1232–1237.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313820/
 
van der Lely S, Frey S,Garbazza C, Wirz-Justice A, Jenni OG, Steiner R, Wolf S, Cajochen C, Bromundt V, Schmidt C. Blue blocker glasses as a countermeasure for alerting effects of evening light-emitting diode screen exposure in male teenagers. J Adolesc Health 2015 Jan;56(1):113-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25287985


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